Government mandated a certain number be built per major population centre to reassure the people that something was being done, and distract them from possibly questioning whether the seemingly inevitable apocalypse their government was herding the world towards was even necessary.
The Vaults were never meant to save any one Plus, in order to get more dwellers, the children would have to procreate before the age of 18. That has to be the sickest vault I have ever seen torturing children from birth only to immediately execute them when they’re 18. Those that weren’t pure were executed at age 18, whereas the smartest ones were recruited into the Vault science team – and even then, some could be executed. Then, they subjected the children to immense physical and mental test, bordering on torture, to determine who was the most biologically “pure”.
I’m pretty sure a lot of people have stumbled into Vault 75 under Malden Middle School, right? Well do you know what sick torture experiment they conducted there? First, they executed the families of all children who were lead in there.